The Citizenship Law of the USSR

In 1968, the predecessor of this volume was published as Number 15 of the Law in Eastern Europe series, under the title "Soviet Citizenship Law". The decision to put out a new version of that study was prompted by the enactment in 1978 of the CUTTent Law on the Citizenship of the USSR and the various changes in Soviet prac- tice in this domain which occurred in the intervening decade. I have drawn on the earlier work for background material and in order to make comparisons between the previous record here and the substance ofthe latest statute. However, the pres- ent monograph is not a second edition in the sense of being an expanded and updated revision of the original, but stands as an independent piece of research and analysis. Thus, three of the chapters (out of a total of six) featured in the 1968 vol- urne - citizenship and state succession, state succession and option of nationality, and refugees and displaced persons - have now been omitted for the simple reason that the situation in these areas has remained virtually static during the past ten years so that the initial treatment requires no significant alteration. On the other hand, fresh problems have meantime arisen - such as, for instance, the connection between citizenship and emigration, and the relationship between citizenship status and the international protection of human rights - which called for attention and are dealt with in this book.

I. Introduction.- 1. Constitutional Basis.- 2. Historical Background.- Notes.- II. Sources. Federal Citizenship and Republican Citizenship.- 1. Sources.- 2. Federal Citizenship and Republican Citizenship.- Notes.- III. Legislative Basis. Recognition. Marriage. Residence abroad. Extradition.- 1. Legislative Basis.- 2. Recognition.- 3. Citizenship and Marriage.- 4. Residence Abroad.- 5. Extradition.- Notes.- IV. Dual Nationality.- I. General Principles.- II. Conflicts-in-Law Portfolio.- 1. At Birth A. Jus Sanguinis.- B. Jus Soli Versus Jus Sanguinis.- C. Agreement of the Parents Versus Jus Sanguinis and Jus Soli.- 2. Naturalization A. Primary Naturalization.- B. Derivative Naturalization.- 3. Marriage.- 4. Minors A. Adoption.- B. Legitimation and Quasi-Legitimation.- Notes.- V. Dual Nationality and Soviet Diplomatic and Treaty Practice.- Notes.- VI. Statelessness as a Consequence of the Conflict of Nationality Laws (Part I).- I. Conflicts-in-Law Varietals of Statelessness.- 1. Failure to Acquire Nationality at Birth.- A. Jus Soli Versus Jus Sanguinis.- B. Child of Stateless Parents.- C. Foundlings.- D. Illegitimate Children.- a. Paternity.- b. Legitimation.- 2. Stateless Minors.- A. Change of Nationality of Parents.- B. Adoption.- Notes.- VII. Statelessness as a Consequence of the Conflict of Nationality Laws (Part II).- Statelessness as a Result of Marriage.- A. At the Time of Marriage.- B. During and at the Dissolution of Marriage.- II. Legislative and Diplomatic Practice.- Notes.- VIII. Acquisition of Ussr Citizenship.- 1. Grounds for Acquiring USSR Citizenship.- 2. Acquisition of USSR Citizenship by Birth.- 3. Acquisition of USSR Citizenship by Children of Stateless Persons.- 4. Foundlings.- 5. Admission to the Citizenship of the USSR.- Notes.- IX. Loss and Restoration of Soviet Citizenship.- 1. Grounds for Losing USSR Citizenship.- 2. Exit from Soviet Citizenship.- 3. Deprivation of USSR Citizenship.- 4. Restoration of USSR Citizenship.- Notes.- X. Status of Minors.- 1. When Both Parents Change Citizenship.- 2. When One Parent Acquires USSR Citizenship.- 3. When One Parent Leaves USSR Citizenship.- 4. Adoption and Acquisition of USSR Citizenship.- 5. Adoption of Soviet Children by Foreign Citizens.- Notes.- XI. Procedural Format.- 1. Background.- 2. Current Legislation.- A. Certification of Soviet Citizenship.- B. Admission, Renunciation, Restoration and Deprivation.- Notes.- XII. Emigration and Immigration.- A. The Chinese Case.- B. The Korean Question.- C. The Jewish Problem.- a. Restrictions on Emigration.- b. Possibility of Appeal.- c. Nationality Criterion.- d. Family Reunion Principle.- e. Character Reference and Family Permission.- f. Reimbursement for Higher Education.- g. Renunciation of Citizenship.- h. Returning to the USSR.- i. Detente and Emigration.- j. Helsinki and After.- Notes.- XIII. The New Soviet Citizenship Law and Human Rights.- 1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.- 2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.- 3. Convention on the Nationality of Married Women.- 4. Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness.- 5. Final Act of the Helsinki Conference.- Notes.- Selective Bibliography.- A. Books.- B. Articles.